Salud, beneficencia y mutualismo: la colonia española en la Ciudad de México durante el Porfiriato / Health, beneficence and mutualism: the Spanish colony in Mexico City during the Porfirio Díaz regime

Resumen El artículo se acerca a las iniciativas de salud impulsadas por la colonia española en la capital mexicana durante el Porfiriato. Primero, se explica la importancia que adquirió la Sociedad de Beneficencia Española (SBE) durante este periodo. Se ubica la SBE en el contexto de expansión y profesionalización de los servicios médicos por el Estado, y la red de relaciones sociales, políticas y económicas entre los individuos prominentes de la colonia y el gobierno de Porfirio Díaz. Posteriormente, se indaga en las insatisfacciones que generó la SBE, que dio lugar a la fundación de un efímero proyecto de características mutuales, protagonizado por dependientes de comercio españoles: la Quinta de Salud.

Medical waste: the dark side of healthcare / Resíduo hospitalar: o lado sombrio da assistência médica

Abstract Hospitals and other health facilities generate an ever-increasing amount of waste, approximately 15% of which may be infectious, toxic, or radioactive. The World Health Organization has been addressing the issue since the 1980s. After initially focusing on high-income countries, it then focused on low-income countries, with unsafe disposal methods in landfills and inadequate incinerators as major concerns. Gradually, the understanding of the issue has undergone several shifts, including from a focus on the component of medical waste considered "hazardous" to all forms of waste, and from accepting medical waste as a necessary downside of high-quality healthcare to seeing the avoidance of healthcare waste as a component of high quality healthcare.

Resumo Hospitais e outros centros de tratamento de saúde geram um volume de resíduos cada vez maior, dos quais cerca de 15% podem ser infecciosos, tóxicos ou radioativos. A Organização Mundial da Saúde começou a enfrentar o problema na década de 1980. Inicialmente, concentrou-se nos países ricos, depois mudou o foco para os países pobres, onde métodos de eliminação inseguros, como aterros sanitários e incineradores inadequados, preocupavam. Aos poucos, a compreensão do problema passou por mudanças, inclusive do enfoque no conteúdo do resíduo hospitalar considerado "perigoso", passando para todas as formas de resíduos, e da aceitação do resíduo médico como um inconveniente inerente aos cuidados de saúde de alta qualidade, até o conceito de que evitar a produção de resíduos hospitalares faz parte dos cuidados de saúde de alta qualidade.

Entre jalecos, bisturis e a arte de fazer política / Lab coats, scalpels, and the art of politics

Resumo O artigo analisa as condições sociais e históricas de desenvolvimento da medicina como espaço de atuação profissional e domínio sobre determinado território ocupacional, no estado de Sergipe, das primeiras décadas do século XX aos anos 1960. Uma das principais constatações da investigação é a de que o processo de consolidação da medicina deve ser compreendido como parte das mudanças que nortearam a reestruturação das elites agrárias locais para evitar o declínio de sua condição. A forte rivalidade produzida no interior das parentelas e sua fragmentação, decorrente dos conflitos, conduziram a expansão dos vínculos e um direcionamento para os laços produzidos a partir do universo profissional.

Abstract The article analyzes the social and historical conditions of the development of medicine as a space for professional activity and domination of a specific occupational field in the state of Sergipe, from the early decades of the twentieth century to the 1960s. One of the main findings is that the process of consolidation in medicine should be understood as part of the changes that guided the restructuring of local agrarian elites to avoid their own decline. The strong rivalry produced within this kinship and consequent fragmentation resulting from conflict led to the expansion of ties and specific targeting for the connections produced in the professional world.

Máquinas y arte-sanos / Machines and artisanal health workers

RESUMEN Este trabajo discute los modelos dominantes y las tensiones, al interior del campo de la salud, entre la concepción del cuerpo humano (máquina); el proceso de trabajo médico (modelos industriales o artesanales); las institucionalidades (hospitales y centros de salud) y los principales agentes (corporación médica y complejo médico industrial). El análisis se contextualiza en EEUU desde fines del siglo XIX a la actualidad. Se discuten dimensiones económico-políticas, ideológico-culturales y científico-técnicas, que atraviesan la historicidad del campo. El propósito es elucidar cómo se viene transformando el campo de la salud, y qué peso tiene la razón instrumental y el capital financiero en ese proceso, en detrimento de lo relacional.

ABSTRACT This work discusses the dominant models and tensions within the health field regarding the conceptualization of the human body (as a machine), the process of health work (industrial and artisanal models), institutions (hospitals and health centers) and primary agents (the medical corporation and the medical industrial complex). The context of analysis is the United States from the end of the 19th century to the present. Economic-political, ideological-cultural, and scientific-technical dimensions are discussed, which permeate the historicity of the field. The purpose is to illustrate how the health field has transformed over time, as well as the role instrumental reason and financial capital has played in this process, to the detriment of relational aspects.

Matanzas: en los inicios de la Ciencia en Cuba / Matanzas: at the begining of the Science in Cuba

No puede relatarse el desarrollo de la ciencia cubana, sin la valoración justa y aceptada del papel desempeñado por destacados científicos matanceros; en el presente trabajo se aborda el quehacer de tres destacadas, figuras que dejaron su impronta en las nuevas generaciones: Juan Santos Fernández Hernández (1847-1922), Ángel Arturo Aballí Arellano (1880-1952) y José Isaac Corral Alemán (1882-1946), hombres nacidos en diferentes lugares de la geografía matancera. stos científicos, en condiciones políticas y económicas difíciles fueron capaces de prevalecer en el tiempo y moldear con su ejemplo imperecedero a las generaciones de científicos cubanos que les sucedieron (AU).

The development of the sciences in Cuba cannot be narrated without the objective and accepted evaluation of the role played by important scientists from Matanzas; the current work approaches the deed of three important figures that left their imprint for the new generations: Juan Santos Fernández Hernández (1847-1922), Ángel Arturo Aballí Arellano (1880-1952) y José Isaac Corral Alemán (1882-1946), who were born in different points of the territory of Matanzas. hese scientists, in difficult political and economic conditions, were able of transcending the time and to mold with their undying example the generations of Cuban scientists succeeding them (AU).

Momentos históricos del Policlínico Universitario Pedro Borrás Astorga / Historical moments of the University Hospital Pedro Borrás Astorga

Introducción: los momentos históricos vivenciados por las áreas de salud, adquieren una connotación especial en su desarrollo evolutivo. Objetivo: describir los momentos históricos del Policlínico Universitario "Pedro Borrás Astorga". Materiales y métodos: se realizó una investigación pedagógica sobre dicha área de salud ubicada en la ciudad de Pinar del Río, en el período comprendido entre septiembre y noviembre del 2016, empleando el método materialista dialéctico, el cual permitió el empleo de métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadístico (descriptivo). Resultados: en la clasificación de los momentos históricos por año, predominaron los de carácter provincial con 55,6%, así como el año 2016 como el período de mayor actividad histórica con 44,4%. Respecto al tipo de momento histórico, se destacan los reconocimientos y galardones (138), seguido de la colaboración médica (83), con ascenso significativo en el 2016. Conclusiones: al describir dichas páginas memorables, se fortalece el arsenal de conocimientos históricos, así como constituye un estímulo de trabajo y anécdotas para las presentes y futuras generaciones (AU).

Introduction: the historical moments health areas have went through adopt a special connotation in their evolutive development. Objective: to describe historical moments of the University Policlinic "Pedro Borrás Astorga". Materials and methods: a pedagogical research on the health area located in the city of Pinar del Rio, in the period from September to November 2016, using the dialectic materialist method that allowed the employment of theoretical, empiric and statistic (descriptive) methods. Results: in the classification of the historical moments per year, the ones with provincial character predominated with 55.6 %, and 2016 was the period of higher historical activity with 44 %. According to the kind of historical moment, acknowledgments and awards stood out (138), followed by medical collaboration (83), with significant growth in 2016. Conclusions: to describe memorable moments strengthens the arsenal of historical knowledge, being also a work stimulus and anecdote for the current and future generations (AU).

Remembranza de Santiago Ramón y Cajal, más allá del Nobel / Recollection of Santiago Ramón y Cajal beyond the Nobel

Nacido en Petilla de Aragón, España, Santiago Ramón y Cajal posiblemente sea, por el volumen significativo y trascendencia de su obra, el más relevante neurocientífico de la historia. En conmemoración a la celebración en 2016 de la tercera jornada científica de la cátedra Santiago Ramón y Cajal, es objetivo de este trabajo rendir tributo al histólogo, patólogo, y neurocientífico. Se recogen de manera historiográfica momentos trascendentales de la vida y obra del sabio español, relacionados con su intensa labor investigativa, que lo llevaron al planteamiento de la teoría neuronal, la obtención del premio Nobel, la trascendencia de sus descubrimientos, así como los principales momentos de su estancia en Cuba (AU).

Born in Petilla de Aragón, Spain, Santiago Ramón y Cajal is probably, the most relevant neuroscientist of the history, due to the significant volume and transcendence of his work. Commemorating the celebration of the third scientific event of the Cathedra Santiago Ramón y Cajal in 2016, the aim of this work is rendering homage to the outstanding histologist, pathologist and neuroscientist. In a historiographical way, some significant moments of the Spanish scholar's life and work are mentioned here, related to its intense research work that lead him to postulate the neuronal theory and obtaining the Nobel prize; the transcendence of his discoveries and the main moments of his staying in Cuba are also brought about (AU).

Faustino Pérez Hernández, honestidad y entrega / Faustino Pérez Hernández, honesty and consecration

La historia de Cuba la han hecho sus mejores hijos. Entre los que contribuyeron protagónicamente a la etapa que condujo al triunfo de 1959 y la construcción de la sociedad socialista se destaca Faustino Pérez Hernández, fruto de la tierra espirituana ligado a la historia matancera por más de una página de honestidad y entrega. El principal hospital de la provincia de Matanzas, ubicado en su capital, lleva su nombre. El presente trabajo pretende, en su brevedad, despertar la necesidad de conocer más profundamente su vida y su obra (AU).

Cuban history has been made by its best children. Faustino Perez, born in Sancti Spiritus and linked to Matanzas by more than one page of honesty and devotion, is among the ones who played the most important roles in the stage leading to the triumph of 1959 revolution and the socialist construction. The main hospital of the province of Matanzas, located in its capital, is named after him. The current work pretends to arouse the necessity of knowing deeply his life and his work (AU).

Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigma de la profesión médica cubana / Leandro Lantigua Bayón: paradigm of the Cuban medical profession

La desatención médica fue característica general de los mal llamados gobiernos democráticos de la Cuba anterior a 1959. Colón no estaba ajeno a esta situación que vivía el país, por lo que representantes de los que sí cuidaban con honor la salud de nuestro pueblo, no podían faltar como dignos ejemplos revolucionarios. En este contexto histórico comienza a trabajar en esta localidad el Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón en el año 1951, identificado plenamente con el carácter científico de su profesión y nunca al margen de los problemas que agobiaban a su pueblo, manteniendo ambos principios siempre unidos. Tras el triunfo revolucionario se convierte en el Profesor de Cirugía de este municipio. Su experiencia la trasmite a gran parte de los cirujanos que hoy laboran en esta provincia. Los actuales médicos y especialmente los cirujanos colombinos defienden con orgullo los postulados que legara tras las horas de trabajo bajo su tutela. Precisamente dar a conocer la vida de este gran médico es el objetivo de nuestro trabajo (AU).

The medical neglect was a general characteristic of the so-called democratic governments of Cuba prior to 1959. Columbus was not unaware of this situation that the country was living in, so that representatives of those who did honorably care for the health of our people could not Lack as worthy revolutionary examples. In this historical context, Dr. Leandro Lantigua Bayón began working in this area in 1951, fully identified with the scientific nature of his profession and never apart from the problems that overwhelmed his people, keeping both principles always united. After the revolutionary triumph he becomes the Professor of Surgery of this municipality. His experience transmits it to many of the surgeons who work in this province today. The current doctors and especially the Colombian surgeons defend with pride the postulates that he would leave behind the hours of work under his guardianship. To make known the life of this great doctor is the objective of our work (AU).

Ideario salubrista de Fidel Castro como continuidad del legado martiano a la medicina revolucionaria cubana / The health care ideology of Fidel Castro as a continuity of José Martí legacy in Cuban revolutionary medicine

El trabajo sustenta la tesis de que las ideas del Apóstol constituyen un verdadero legado histórico, sirviendo de referente a la Generación del Centenario para sentar las bases de los postulados esenciales que rigen el Sistema de Salud en la Cuba revolucionaria: acceso, equidad y solidaridad de la medicina cubana, lo que representa un logro inigualable y un orgullo para todos los cubanos. El mismo se propone exponer alguna de las aristas del pensamiento revolucionario de José Martí acerca de la Medicina y la Salud, así como su influencia en el ideario fidelista, tan importante en la transformación del Sistema Nacional de Salud en la Cuba revolucionaria y resalta la decisiva visión y acción estratégica del líder histórico de la Revolución cubana en esta importante esfera, inspirado en la continuidad del pensamiento martiano, constituyendo un sentido homenaje al eterno Comandante en Jefe Fidel Castro Ruz (AU).

This term sustains the thesis that the Apostle´s ideas are a true historical legacy, serving as a referent for the Generation of the Centenary to set the basis of the essential postulates ruling the Health System in the revolutionary Cuba: Cuban medicine access, equity and solidarity, representing an exceptional achievement and a proud for all the Cuban people. The purpose was exposing some of the aspects of José Marti's revolutionary thoughts on Medicine and Health, and also its influence on Fidel Castro ideology, so important in the transformation of the National Health System in the revolutionary Cuba. It is highlighted the decisive action and strategic vision of the Cuban Revolution historical leader in this important sphere inspired in the continuity of Jose Marti´s thoughts. Serve it as a deep homage to eternal Comandante en Jefe Fidel Castro Ruz (AU).

Incidencia de la Asociación Médica Homeopática de Colombia- ASMHOC en el desarrollo de la homeopatía en Colombia / Incidence of the Homeopathic Medical Association of Colombia- ASMHOC in the development of homeopathy in Colombia

Este trabajo compila la información existente acerca de la constitución y desarrollo de la Asociación Médica Homeopática de Colombia-ASMHOC- en la ciudad de Bogotá, durante la segunda mitad del siglo XX. La incidencia de la Asociación en el desarrollo de la homeopatía, como ente gremial y formador de médicos homeópatas y su aporte en la lucha por posicionarla como una especialidad médica. Al final se concluye, que siempre existieron personas que preservaron la doctrina Hannemaniana sin desfallecer y situaron a la homeopatía en un lugar digno en El Arte de Curar; la continuación de esta línea de investigación podría enriquecer y llenar ese vacío de conocimiento acerca de las instituciones formadoras de médicos homeópatas antes de lograrse la profesionalización.

Federico Milá de La Roca: un personaje inolvidable / Federico Milá de la Roca: an unforgettable character

En este artículo se presenta una semblanza de la vida y obra del Dr. Federico Milá de la Roca, médico venezolano, quien fue uno de los fundadores del Instituto Nacional de Higiene, resaltando diferentes rasgos de su personalidad y sus destacadas actuaciones en el campo profesional y personal.

This paper presents a brief biography of Federico Milá de la Roca, Venezuelan medical doctor, who was one of the founders of the Instituto Nacional de Higiene, highlighting various features of his personality and outstanding performances related with his personal and profesional life.

Las instituciones sanitarias en Tucumán, Argentina (fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX) / Health institutions in Tucumán, Argentina (late 19th and early 20th century

La conformación de instituciones sanitarias en Tucumán se dio en el marco de un proceso más amplio y complejo en el que se consolidaron y expandieron las atribuciones del Estado. Partiendo de la premisa de que en el período hubo un mayor interés de los poderes públicos en afirmar su rol en materia de salud, el objetivo de este artículo consiste en examinar las instituciones sanitarias en Tucumán entre fines del siglo XIX y comienzos del XX. Considerando que su creación estuvo vinculada a coyunturas políticas y sanitarias e intervinieron actores que actuaron desde el interior y desde afuera del aparato estatal, se analizan los rasgos del desarrollo institucional; las estrategias adoptadas para compensar limitaciones materiales y profesionales; y el papel de los actores que intervinieron en contextos diferenciados. De este modo, y desde una perspectiva histórica, se pretende contribuir al debate acerca de problemáticas sanitarias que hoy forman parte de la agenda pública –con las implicancias derivadas de las etapas de crisis del Estado benefactor, de avance del neoliberalismo y de la recuperación de las funciones estatales en la última década.

The creation of health institutions in Tucumán took place within the framework of a broader and more complex process where the powers of state were expanded and consolidated. The aim of this paper is to examine health institutions in Tucumán between the late 19th and early 20th century taking into account that there was a greater interest of public authorities to assert their role in health in that period. The creation of sanitary institutions was linked to health and political circumstances and the actors were involved in the process from inside and outside the state apparatus. Thus, the characteristics of the institutional development, the strategies adopted to compensate the material and professional limitations and the role of the actors involved in the different contexts are analyzed. From a historical perspective, a contribution to the debate about sanitary issues that are nowadays part of the public agenda is attempted. This contribution will consider the implications derived from crises periods of a welfare state, the advance of neoliberalism and the recovery of the state functions in the last decade.

Dirt, disease and death: control, resistance and change in the post-emancipation Caribbean / Sujeira, doença e morte: controle, resistência e mudança no Caribe pós-emancipação

This study examines how health facilities and services were used as an agency of worker control in the British Caribbean between 1838 and 1860. It argues that planter health strategies were based on flawed assumptions. The resultant policy of deprivation of access to medical services by the labouring population backfired within 16 years of freedom when a cholera epidemic rocked the region. It exposed the poor living conditions of the free villages and generated fear and panic among the local elite who were forced to make policy changes regarding health and sanitation. As a result the first steps towards the establishment of public health services in the British Caribbean were stimulated.

Examina o uso de instalações e serviços de saúde como instrumento de controle dos trabalhadores no Caribe britânico entre 1838 e 1860. Argumenta-se que as estratégias sobre a saúde adotadas pelos proprietários rurais baseavam-se em suposições inconsistentes. A decisão de privar a população trabalhadora de acesso a serviços médicos teve graves consequências: 16 anos após a abolição da escravidão uma epidemia de cólera abalou a região, desnudando as precárias condições de vida das aldeias libertas e gerando pânico na elite local, então forçada a fazer mudanças na política de saúde e saneamento. Só então foram estabelecidos os primeiros serviços de saúde pública no Caribe britânico.

Historia del Instituto Nacional de Salud Ocupacional del Perú / History of Instituto Nacional de Salud Ocupacional del Peru

En el Perú, el desarrollo de la industria ha generado mejoras económicas pero, a la vez, ha tenido un gran impacto en la salud de sus trabajadores por lo que era necesario implementar mecanismos de control. Por ello, en 1940 se crea el Departamento de Higiene Industrial, que en 1956 cambia a Instituto de Salud Ocupacional, que fue desactivado en 1994. Sin embargo, el 2001 reaparece en la estructura organizacional del Ministerio de Salud como Instituto de Salud Ocupacional "Alberto Hurtado Abadía". En la actualidad, es el Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud (CENSOPAS), órgano del Instituto Nacional de Salud que continúa trabajando en sinergia con otras instituciones y sectores, generando evidencias para proteger la salud de las personas expuestas (trabajadores y comunidad) a la contaminación y riesgos asociados con las actividades económicas.

In Peru, the industry´s development has made economic improvements but at the same time, it has had a major impact on the health of the workers; for that reason, it was necessary to generate control mechanisms. So, in 1940 it was created the Departmento de Higiene Industrial, which in 1956 was changed to Instituto de Salud Ocupacional, but it was deactivated in 1994. However, in 2001 it reappeared into the Ministerio de Salud organizational structure with the name of Instituto de Salud Ocupacional "Alberto Hurtado Abadía". Actually, it is the Centro Nacional de Salud Ocupacional y Protección del Ambiente para la Salud (CENSOPAS), organ of the Instituto Nacional de Salud which continues working in synergy with other institutions and sectors, making research to protect the health of exposed persons (workers and community) to contamination and risks associated with economic activities.

Pro Matre: arquivo e fontes para a história da maternidade no Rio de Janeiro / Pro Matre: an archive and sources on the history of motherhood in Rio de Janeiro

A quase centenária Maternidade Pro Matre, inaugurada em fevereiro de 1919, com a finalidade de prestar assistência a mães e crianças dos grupos sociais menos favorecidos, foi iniciativa do médico filantropo Fernando Magalhães e da feminista Stella de Carvalho Guerra Duval com apoio de senhoras da sociedade carioca. Sua criação inseriu-se em movimento de assistência materno-infantil que a historiografia hoje chama de projeto maternalista, com base na ideia de que mãe e filho são culturalmente indissociáveis. Ao apresentar as fontes existentes no arquivo institucional da Pro Matre, partilhamos possibilidades de pesquisa no campo da assistência materno-infantil no Rio de Janeiro e, por extensão, no Brasil.

Inaugurated in February 1919 to provide assistance to mothers and children from underprivileged social groups, the nearly century-old Maternidade Pro Matre maternity hospital was an initiative of physician and philanthropist Fernando Magalhães and of feminist Stella de Carvalho Guerra Duval, with the support of society women from Rio de Janeiro. Its creation was part of a mother-child assistance movement that historiography now calls the 'maternalist project,' which was based on the notion of the cultural inseparability of mother and child. The sources available at Pro Matre's institutional archive open up research possibilities in the field of mother-child assistance in Rio de Janeiro and, by extension, Brazil.

Filantropia, poder público e combate à lepra (1920-1945) / Philanthropy, government, and the fight against leprosy (1920-1945)

Durante a Primeira República (1889-1930), a criação das Sociedades de Assistência aos Lázaros e Defesa Contra a Lepra, na década de 1920, foi um marco nas relações entre as entidades assistenciais e os poderes públicos. Inicialmente aquelas entidades mantiveram autonomia decisória, mas suas diretrizes mudaram quando estabeleceram relações mais próximas com a política de combate à lepra, após a criação do Ministério da Educação e Saúde Pública, em 1930, no âmbito das reformas implementadas a partir de então, e, especialmente, durante a prolongada gestão de Gustavo Capanema à frente daquele ministério (1934-1945).

The 1920s creation of Sociedades de Assistência aos Lázaros e Defesa Contra a Lepra under Brazil's First Republic (1889-1930) represented a milestone in relations between assistance organizations and the government. Although these organizations were at first autonomous decision-makers, their guidelines changed after they established closer relations with the government, which enacted reforms in policies to fight leprosy following the 1930 creation of the Ministry of Education and Public Health, especially during the long tenure of Minister Gustavo Capanema (1934-1945).

Apontamentos para a arquitetura hospitalar no Brasil: entre o tradicional e o moderno / Notes on hospital architecture in Brazil: between the traditional and the modern

Aponta desafios para aprofundar a relação nem sempre evidente entre história da assistência em saúde e arquitetura, expressa de forma mais clara na construção dos espaços para tratamento médico, sobretudo os hospitais e os sanatórios. Estamos diante da constituição de um campo de conhecimento pouco explorado, que vem animando pesquisadores das ciências humanas e sociais aplicadas no Brasil, sobretudo nas últimas décadas.

The relationship between the history of health assistance and architecture is not always obvious. The article points to some challenges in investigating this relation, which is most readily visible in the construction of medical facilities, especially hospitals and sanitariums. In Brazil, this fledgling field has begun drawing the attention of researchers from the applied human and social sciences, especially in more recent decades.